Sulfur is a versatile element with a wide range of industrial and commercial uses. The vast majority of sulfur produced globally is converted into sulfuric acid, which is primarily used in the manufacture of fertilizers such as phosphates and ammonium sulfate[1][2][5]. Sulfuric acid also serves vital roles in metal processing, oil refining, mineral extraction, and wastewater treatment[5].
Beyond sulfuric acid production, sulfur is essential in the following applications:
- Vulcanization of rubber: Sulfur crosslinks polymer chains, giving rubber improved strength and elasticity[2][3][5].
- Manufacture of pigments, detergents, and synthetic fibres: Used in various chemical processes and as a raw material in production[1][2][3].
- Metallurgy: Sulfuric acid is used to process metals like copper, lead, zinc, nickel, and cadmium[1][2].
- Explosives, sheet metal, and storage batteries: Sulfur and its compounds are used in manufacturing explosives and batteries[1].
- Pulp and paper industry: Sulfur compounds help bleach paper and process wood pulp[2][5].
- Production of insecticides, fungicides, and agricultural pesticides: Used to control crop pests and diseases[1][2][5].
- Synthetic rubber, water treatment, and steel pickling: Sulfur compounds play roles in treating water, manufacturing synthetic rubbers, and cleaning/purifying steel[2].
- Matches, gunpowder, and fireworks: Sulfur is a key component in matches, traditional gunpowder, and pyrotechnics[5][7].
- Pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and cosmetics: Used in the synthesis of drugs and as an ingredient in creams and other products[2].
- Carbon disulfide and sodium thiosulfate production: Used in manufacturing cellophane, rayon, and as photographic fixatives[5][7].
- Bleaching and preserving dried fruit: Sulfites derived from sulfur are used as preservatives and bleaching agents[5].
- Non-ferrous metals processing and hydrofluoric acid production: Important in extracting or refining metals and acids[2].
In addition to its industrial uses, sulfur is an essential element for all living organisms. In humans, it is found in amino acids and proteins and plays a role in biological processes[5].